Analysis on numerical stability and convergence of Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes simulations from the perspective of coupling modes

Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes simulations are still the main method to study complex flows in engineering. However, traditional turbulence models cannot accurately predict flow fields with separations. In such situation, machine learning methods provide an effective way build new data-driven closure models. Nevertheless, a bottleneck that encounter is how ensure stability and convergence of RANS equations posterior iterations. This paper studies effects different coupling modes on between Numerical results demonstrate frozen mode, commonly used models, may lead divergence instability iterations; while mutual mode can maintain good process research perspective for